Characters from the ""Noli"" (Basilio, Dona Victorina, Padre Salvi) return while new ones are introduced: Simoun, the transformed Ibarra Cabesang Tales and his struggle for justice the nationalist student Isagani the Indio priest Padre Florentino. For many years, copies of the ""Fili"" were smuggled into the Philippines after it was condemned as subversive by the Spanish authorities. A nationalist novel by an author who has been called ""the first Filipino,"" its nature as a social document of the late-nineteenth-century Philippines is often emphasized. It was published in Ghent in 1891 and later translated into English, German, French, Japanese, Tagalog, Ilonggo, and other languages. Like its predecessor, the better-known ""Noli Me Tangere"", the ""Fili"" was written in Castilian while Rizal was traveling and studying in Europe. El Filibusterismo (""The Subversive"") is the second novel by Jose Rizal (1861-1896), national hero of the Philippines.
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